Ucup Carrick
05-08-2009, 02:25 PM
History
Origins
Shootouts were not endorsed by UEFA until 1970, nor by FIFA until 1976. However, variants of the modern shootout were used before then in several domestic competitions and minor tournaments. Domestic examples include the Yugoslav Cup from 1952,[6] the Coppa Italia from 1958–59,[7] and the Swiss inter-regional Youth Cup from 1959–60.[8] International examples include the final of the 1962 Ramón de Carranza Trophy[9] (at the suggestion of journalist Rafael Ballester[10]), and a silver medal playoff match between amateur teams representing Venezuela and Bolivia in the 1965 Bolivarian Games.[11]
In major competitions, when a replay or playoff was not possible, ties were previously decided by drawing of lots. Examples include Italy's win over the USSR in the semi-final of the 1968 European Championship (the final, also drawn, went to a replay).[12] Israeli Yosef Dagan is claimed by some to have invented the shootout,[13] after watching the Israeli team lose a 1968 Olympic quarter-final by drawing of lots. Michael Almog, later President of the Israel FA, described the proposal in a letter published in FIFA News in August 1969.[14] Koe Ewe Teik, the Malaysian FA's member of the referee's committee, led the move for its adoption by FIFA.[14]
The penalty shootout is also credited as the invention of former referee Karl Wald, from Frankfurt am Main. When proposed in 1970, the Bavarian football association attempted to block the suggestion, and it was only when the majority of delegates said they were in favour that the officials gave their backing. Shortly afterwards, the German Football Association followed suit. UEFA also accepted the proposal, penalty shootouts were used to decide matches in the UEFA Champion Clubs' Cup and the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup from the 1970–71 season.[15]
Development
In England, the first ever penalty shootout in a professional match took place in 1970 at Boothferry Park, Hull between Hull City and Manchester United during the semi-final of the Watney Cup, and was won by Manchester United. The first player to take a kick was George Best, and the first to miss was Denis Law. Ian McKechnie, the Hull City goalkeeper, was therefore the first goalkeeper to save a penalty in a penalty shootout and he was also the first goalkeeper to take the deciding kick, but missed, blasting the ball over the bar and putting Hull City out of the Watney Cup.
In the first round of the European Cup 1972–73, the referee prematurely ended a shootout between CSKA Sofia and Panathinaikos, with CSKA leading 3–2 but Panathinaikos having taken only four kicks. Panathinaikos complained to UEFA and the match was annulled and replayed the following month,[16][17] with CSKA winning without the need for a shootout.
The first major international tournament to be decided by a penalty shootout was the Euro 76 final between Czechoslovakia and West Germany. Czechoslovakia won 5–3, and the deciding kick was converted by Antonín Panenka with a "chip" after Uli Hoeneß had put the previous kick over the crossbar.
The first penalty shootout in the World Cup was on 9 January 1977, in the first round of African qualifying, when Tunisia beat Morocco.[18] The first shootout in the finals tournament was in 1982, when West Germany beat France in the semifinal.
A decision in the 1986 World Cup led to the "Madrid rule" clarification of the penalty procedure. In the quarter-final shootout between Brazil and France, Bruno Bellone's kick rebounded out off the post and back into the goal off goalkeeper Carlos's back. Referee Ioan Igna gave the goal to France, and Brazil captain Edinho was booked for protesting that the kick should have been considered a miss as soon as it rebounded off the post. In 1987, Rule 14, covering penalty kicks, was clarified to support Igna's decision.[19]
Famous incidents
The finals of three major FIFA competitions have gone to penalty shootouts. The first two of these took place in the same stadium, the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, USA.
* In the 1994 FIFA World Cup, Brazil and Italy ended extra time scoreless. Brazil went on to win the shootout 3–2.[20]
* Like the 1994 final, the 1999 Women's World Cup final between the USA and China was scoreless after extra time. The United States team won the shootout 5–4.
* The 2006 FIFA World Cup Final also went to a penalty shootout and was won by Italy 5-3 against France in Berlin.[21]
Goalkeepers have been known to win shootouts by their kicking. For example, in a Euro 2004 quarterfinal, Portugal goalkeeper Ricardo Pereira saved a kick (without gloves) from England's Darius Vassell, and then scored the winning shot.[22] Another example is Vélez Sársfield's José Luis Chilavert in the Copa Libertadores 1994 finals (it should be noted that Chilavert had a reputation as a dead-ball specialist and scored 41 goals during his club career).
The English and Dutch national teams are known for their many losses on penalty shootouts. Between 1992 and 2000, the Dutch were eliminated from four major tournaments by losing a shootout (three European Championships in a row and the World Cup in 1998). In the semi-final of Euro 2000, they missed five out of six penalties (two in the match, four in the shootout). England notably lost to West Germany in the semifinals of the 1990 FIFA World Cup and Euro 96, Argentina in the 1998 FIFA World Cup and Portugal in Euro 2004 and the 2006 FIFA World Cup
On 31 August 2005, a new British record was established when a shootout between Tunbridge Wells and Littlehampton Town involved 40 kicks being taken.[23]
In the FA Cup penalty kicks were introduced in the 1991–92 season to decide matches still level after a replay and extra time, replacing a series of replays that in the past had led to fixture disruption, especially disliked by the top clubs. Two first round ties that season became the first FA Cup ties to be decided on penalties (Rotherham United beat Scunthorpe United and Colchester United beat Exeter City).[24]
A penalty shootout was first used in the FA Cup final in 2005, when Arsenal beat Manchester United 5-4.[25] The following year, Liverpool beat West Ham United in the FA Cup final's second ever penalty shootout.[26]
The Community Shield was also settled using penalties, following the normal 90 minutes of play, but no extra time. Manchester United have won the shield three times via a shootout, beating Arsenal in 2003, Chelsea in 2007, and Portsmouth in 2008. On the second occasion goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar saved three Chelsea penalties.
On 16 November 2005, a place in the World Cup was directly determined by a penalty shootout for the first time. The 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifying playoff between Australia and Uruguay ended 1–1 on aggregate, with Uruguay winning the first leg 1–0 at home and Australia winning the second leg at home by the same score. A scoreless 30 minutes of extra time was followed by a shootout, which Australia won 4–2.
During the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany, Switzerland set a unwanted new record in the Round of 16 shoot-out against Ukraine by failing to convert any of their penalties, losing 3-0.
On 20 June 2007, a new UEFA record was established[27]. The semi final of the European U21-championships in Heerenveen between the Netherlands U21 and England U21 teams finished in 1-1. 32 penalties had to be taken before the tie was decided. The Netherlands won 13-12.
The 2008 UEFA Champions League Final between Manchester United and Chelsea F.C. went to penalties, when John Terry missed a penalty which would have won Chelsea the match (and the Champions League). His standing leg slipped as he took his kick, and the ball hit the post. Chelsea lost the shootout 6-5, to which Terry reacted by breaking down in tears.
On 2 May 2009, a record was established during the final of the Greek Cup. Olympiacos Piraeus has beaten AEK Athens and won the trophy. The final score was 19-18 (4-4 after normal 90 minutes plus extra time) and 34 penalties had to be taken.
The current world record for the longest penalty shootout in a first class match is 48 penalties during the 2005 Namibian Cup[28] when KK Palace beat Civics 17–16
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shootout_(association_football)
Origins
Shootouts were not endorsed by UEFA until 1970, nor by FIFA until 1976. However, variants of the modern shootout were used before then in several domestic competitions and minor tournaments. Domestic examples include the Yugoslav Cup from 1952,[6] the Coppa Italia from 1958–59,[7] and the Swiss inter-regional Youth Cup from 1959–60.[8] International examples include the final of the 1962 Ramón de Carranza Trophy[9] (at the suggestion of journalist Rafael Ballester[10]), and a silver medal playoff match between amateur teams representing Venezuela and Bolivia in the 1965 Bolivarian Games.[11]
In major competitions, when a replay or playoff was not possible, ties were previously decided by drawing of lots. Examples include Italy's win over the USSR in the semi-final of the 1968 European Championship (the final, also drawn, went to a replay).[12] Israeli Yosef Dagan is claimed by some to have invented the shootout,[13] after watching the Israeli team lose a 1968 Olympic quarter-final by drawing of lots. Michael Almog, later President of the Israel FA, described the proposal in a letter published in FIFA News in August 1969.[14] Koe Ewe Teik, the Malaysian FA's member of the referee's committee, led the move for its adoption by FIFA.[14]
The penalty shootout is also credited as the invention of former referee Karl Wald, from Frankfurt am Main. When proposed in 1970, the Bavarian football association attempted to block the suggestion, and it was only when the majority of delegates said they were in favour that the officials gave their backing. Shortly afterwards, the German Football Association followed suit. UEFA also accepted the proposal, penalty shootouts were used to decide matches in the UEFA Champion Clubs' Cup and the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup from the 1970–71 season.[15]
Development
In England, the first ever penalty shootout in a professional match took place in 1970 at Boothferry Park, Hull between Hull City and Manchester United during the semi-final of the Watney Cup, and was won by Manchester United. The first player to take a kick was George Best, and the first to miss was Denis Law. Ian McKechnie, the Hull City goalkeeper, was therefore the first goalkeeper to save a penalty in a penalty shootout and he was also the first goalkeeper to take the deciding kick, but missed, blasting the ball over the bar and putting Hull City out of the Watney Cup.
In the first round of the European Cup 1972–73, the referee prematurely ended a shootout between CSKA Sofia and Panathinaikos, with CSKA leading 3–2 but Panathinaikos having taken only four kicks. Panathinaikos complained to UEFA and the match was annulled and replayed the following month,[16][17] with CSKA winning without the need for a shootout.
The first major international tournament to be decided by a penalty shootout was the Euro 76 final between Czechoslovakia and West Germany. Czechoslovakia won 5–3, and the deciding kick was converted by Antonín Panenka with a "chip" after Uli Hoeneß had put the previous kick over the crossbar.
The first penalty shootout in the World Cup was on 9 January 1977, in the first round of African qualifying, when Tunisia beat Morocco.[18] The first shootout in the finals tournament was in 1982, when West Germany beat France in the semifinal.
A decision in the 1986 World Cup led to the "Madrid rule" clarification of the penalty procedure. In the quarter-final shootout between Brazil and France, Bruno Bellone's kick rebounded out off the post and back into the goal off goalkeeper Carlos's back. Referee Ioan Igna gave the goal to France, and Brazil captain Edinho was booked for protesting that the kick should have been considered a miss as soon as it rebounded off the post. In 1987, Rule 14, covering penalty kicks, was clarified to support Igna's decision.[19]
Famous incidents
The finals of three major FIFA competitions have gone to penalty shootouts. The first two of these took place in the same stadium, the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, USA.
* In the 1994 FIFA World Cup, Brazil and Italy ended extra time scoreless. Brazil went on to win the shootout 3–2.[20]
* Like the 1994 final, the 1999 Women's World Cup final between the USA and China was scoreless after extra time. The United States team won the shootout 5–4.
* The 2006 FIFA World Cup Final also went to a penalty shootout and was won by Italy 5-3 against France in Berlin.[21]
Goalkeepers have been known to win shootouts by their kicking. For example, in a Euro 2004 quarterfinal, Portugal goalkeeper Ricardo Pereira saved a kick (without gloves) from England's Darius Vassell, and then scored the winning shot.[22] Another example is Vélez Sársfield's José Luis Chilavert in the Copa Libertadores 1994 finals (it should be noted that Chilavert had a reputation as a dead-ball specialist and scored 41 goals during his club career).
The English and Dutch national teams are known for their many losses on penalty shootouts. Between 1992 and 2000, the Dutch were eliminated from four major tournaments by losing a shootout (three European Championships in a row and the World Cup in 1998). In the semi-final of Euro 2000, they missed five out of six penalties (two in the match, four in the shootout). England notably lost to West Germany in the semifinals of the 1990 FIFA World Cup and Euro 96, Argentina in the 1998 FIFA World Cup and Portugal in Euro 2004 and the 2006 FIFA World Cup
On 31 August 2005, a new British record was established when a shootout between Tunbridge Wells and Littlehampton Town involved 40 kicks being taken.[23]
In the FA Cup penalty kicks were introduced in the 1991–92 season to decide matches still level after a replay and extra time, replacing a series of replays that in the past had led to fixture disruption, especially disliked by the top clubs. Two first round ties that season became the first FA Cup ties to be decided on penalties (Rotherham United beat Scunthorpe United and Colchester United beat Exeter City).[24]
A penalty shootout was first used in the FA Cup final in 2005, when Arsenal beat Manchester United 5-4.[25] The following year, Liverpool beat West Ham United in the FA Cup final's second ever penalty shootout.[26]
The Community Shield was also settled using penalties, following the normal 90 minutes of play, but no extra time. Manchester United have won the shield three times via a shootout, beating Arsenal in 2003, Chelsea in 2007, and Portsmouth in 2008. On the second occasion goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar saved three Chelsea penalties.
On 16 November 2005, a place in the World Cup was directly determined by a penalty shootout for the first time. The 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifying playoff between Australia and Uruguay ended 1–1 on aggregate, with Uruguay winning the first leg 1–0 at home and Australia winning the second leg at home by the same score. A scoreless 30 minutes of extra time was followed by a shootout, which Australia won 4–2.
During the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany, Switzerland set a unwanted new record in the Round of 16 shoot-out against Ukraine by failing to convert any of their penalties, losing 3-0.
On 20 June 2007, a new UEFA record was established[27]. The semi final of the European U21-championships in Heerenveen between the Netherlands U21 and England U21 teams finished in 1-1. 32 penalties had to be taken before the tie was decided. The Netherlands won 13-12.
The 2008 UEFA Champions League Final between Manchester United and Chelsea F.C. went to penalties, when John Terry missed a penalty which would have won Chelsea the match (and the Champions League). His standing leg slipped as he took his kick, and the ball hit the post. Chelsea lost the shootout 6-5, to which Terry reacted by breaking down in tears.
On 2 May 2009, a record was established during the final of the Greek Cup. Olympiacos Piraeus has beaten AEK Athens and won the trophy. The final score was 19-18 (4-4 after normal 90 minutes plus extra time) and 34 penalties had to be taken.
The current world record for the longest penalty shootout in a first class match is 48 penalties during the 2005 Namibian Cup[28] when KK Palace beat Civics 17–16
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shootout_(association_football)